piezo

Prototype language designed for signal processing, synthesis and analysis. Project is early experimental stage, design decisions must be consolidated.

Reference

;; Operators
+ - * / % -- ++               ;; arithmetical (float)
** %% //                      ;; power, unsigned mod, flooring div
& | ^ ~ >> <<                 ;; binary (integer)
<<< >>>                       ;; rotate left, right
&& || !                       ;; logical
> >= < <= == !=               ;; comparisons (boolean)
?: ?                          ;; conditions
x[i] x[]                      ;; member access, length
a..b a.. ..b ..               ;; ranges
|> _                          ;; pipe/loop/map, topic reference
./ ../ /                      ;; continue/skip, break/stop, return
>< <>                         ;; inside, outside
~ ~/ ~*                       ;; clamp, normalize, lerp
^                             ;; defer

;; Numbers
16, 0x10, 0o755, 0b0;         ;; int, hex, oct or binary
16.0, .1, 2e-3;               ;; float
1k = 1000; 1pi = 3.1415926;   ;; units
1s = 44100; 1m = 60s;         ;; eg: sample indexes
10.1k, 2pi, 1m30s;            ;; 10100, 6.283..., 66150

;; Variables
foo=1, bar=2.0;               ;; declare vars
AbC, $0, Δx, x@1, A#;         ;; names permit alnum, unicodes, _$#@
foo == Foo, bar == bAr;       ;; case-insensitive
default=1, eval=fn, else=0;   ;; no reserved words
true = 0b1, false = 0b0;      ;; eg: alias bools
inf = 1/0, nan = 0/0;         ;; eg: alias infinity, NaN

;; Ranges
0..10;                        ;; from 1 to 9 (10 exclusive)
0.., ..10, ..;                ;; open ranges
10..1;                        ;; reverse range
1.08..108.0;                  ;; float range
(a-1)..(a+1);                 ;; computed range
0..3 * 2;                     ;; mapped range: 0*2, 1*2, 2*2
(a,b,c) = 0..3 * 2;           ;; destructure: a=0, b=2, c=4
a >< 0..10, a <> 0..10;       ;; inside(a, 0, 10), outside(a, 0, 10);
a ~ 0..10, a ~= 0..10;        ;; clamp(a, 0, 10), a = clamp(a, 0, 10)
a ~ ..10, a ~ 10..;           ;; min(a, 10), max(a, 10)
a ~* 0..10, a ~/ 0..10;       ;; lerp(a, 0, 10), normalize(a, 0, 10)

;; Groups
(a,b,c) = (1,2,3);            ;; assign: a=1, b=2, c=3
(a,b) = (b,a);                ;; swap
(a,b,c) = d;                  ;; duplicate: a=d, b=d, c=d
(a,,b) = (c,d,e);             ;; skip: a=c, b=e
(a,b) + (c,d);                ;; group binary: a+c, b+d
(a, b, c)++;                  ;; group unary: a++, b++, c++
(a,b)[1] = c[2,3];            ;; props: a[1]=c[2], b[1]=c[3]
(a,..,z) = (1,2,3,4);         ;; pick: a=1, z=4
a = (b,c,d);                  ;; pick first: a=b; see loops

;; Arrays
m = [..10];                   ;; array of 10 elements
m = [..10 |> 2];              ;; filled with 2
m = [1,2,3,4];                ;; array of 4 elements
m = [n[..]];                  ;; copy n
m = [1, 2..4, 5];             ;; mixed definition
m = [1, [2, 3, [4]]];         ;; nested arrays (tree)
m = [0..4 |> _ ** 2];         ;; list comprehension
(a, z) = (m[0], m[-1]);       ;; get by index
(b, .., z) = m[1, 2..];       ;; get multiple values
length = m[];                 ;; get length
m[0] = 1;                     ;; set value
m[2..] = (1, 2..4, n[1..3]);  ;; set multiple values from offset 2
m[1,2] = m[2,1];              ;; swap
m[0..] = m[-1..];             ;; reverse
m[0..] = m[1..,0];            ;; rotate

;; Strings
hi="Hello";                   ;; creates static array
string="$<hi>, world!";       ;; interpolate: "hello world"
string[1, 3..5, -2];          ;; pick elements: 'e', 'lo', 'd'
string[0..5];                 ;; substring: 'Hello'
string[-1..0];                ;; reversed: '!dlrow ,olleH'
string[];                     ;; length: 13

;; Conditions
a && b;                       ;; if a then b (else 0)
a || b;                       ;; if not a then b
sign = a < 0 ? -1 : +1;       ;; ternary
(2+2 >= 4) ? log(1) :         ;; multiline (switch)
  3 >< 1..2 ? log(2) :        ;; else if
  log(3);                     ;; else
a ?/ b;                       ;; early return: if a then return b

;; Loops
(a, b, c) |> f(_);            ;; for each item in a, b, c do f(item)
(i = 10..) |> (               ;; descend over range
  i < 5 ? a ./;               ;; if item < 5 skip (continue)
  i < 0 ? a ../;              ;; if item < 0 stop (break)
);                            ;;
x[..] |> f(_) |> g(_);        ;; pipeline sequence
(i = 0..w) |> (               ;; nest iterations
  (j = 0..h) |> f(i, j);      ;; f(x,y)
);                            ;;
((a,b) = 0..10) |> a+b;       ;; iterate pairs
(x,,y) = (a,b,c) |> _ * 2;    ;; capture result x = a*2, y = c*2;
.. |> i < 10 ? i++ : ../;     ;; while i < 10 i++

;; Functions
double(n) = n*2;              ;; define a function
times(m = 1, n ~ 1..) = (     ;; optional, clamped arg
  n == 0 ? /n;                ;; early return
  m * n;                      ;; returns last statement
);                            ;;
times(3,2);                   ;; 6
times(4), times(,5);          ;; 4, 5: optional, skipped arg
dup(x) = (x,x);               ;; return multiple
(a,b) = dup(b);               ;; destructure
a=1,b=1; x()=(a=2;b=2); x();  ;; a==1, b==2: first statement declares locals
fn() = ( x; ^log(x) );        ;; defer: calls log after returning x
f(a, cb) = cb(a[0]);          ;; array, func args
a() = ( .i=0; .i++ );         ;; state var: i persists value
a(), a();                     ;; 0,1
a.i = 0;                      ;; reset state
a1() = ( *copy=a; copy() );   ;; clone function
a(), a(); a1(), a1();         ;; 0,1; 0,1;

;; Export
x, y, z;                      ;; exports last statement